Final Quiz: Core Modules + R + VBA + AI/ML

If a 2-dimensional array called array1 consists of 4 values in the first row: 35, 42, 5, 109 and 4 values in the second row: 56, 89, 6, 1. What is the code to access the value 1?

array1[1][3]
array1[2][4]
array1[1] = 1
Creates a new table

John needs to declare a list to keep employee’s ages. Assume he creates a list called age. What is the best list data type for this exercise?

integer
boolean
float
string

What are the benefits of a list?

Confusing people.
make it harder to work with variable matrix but easier for memory performance
avoid confusion, sort different values, keep track of related values, memory performance
FILTER BY

What data type seems best to store addresses in a list, which are comprised of letters, numbers and symbols?

integer
boolean
a combination of strings, integers and floats to accommodate for the street number (integer) and street name (text).
string

The primary purpose of an operating system is:

To keep systems programmers employed
To make computers easier to use
To allow people to use the computer
To make the most efficient use of computer hardware

Within the operating system, which is the first program run on a computer when the computer boots up?

Operating system files
The OS Kernel
The scheduler

Function of system software is to serve as the _________ between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware

application
server
interface

The user interface for more experienced users such is called the ________, whereas the user interface used by beginners because they are more user friendly is called a ______

GUI, CLI
CLI, GUI
BOYB, GUI

The following is not a function of an operating system:

Checking for viruses
Directing information from peripheral devices like a mouse or a printer
Allocating the computer's memory between different tasks.
Allowing users to open applications

A user interface made up of a command prompt is called:

Command User Interface
Graphical user interface
Command Line Interface

What are the 3 algorithm components?

input, output, process
input/output, decision, terminator
sequence, selection, repetition

What is the difference between a flowchart and code?

A flowchart is a diagrammatic description of an algorithm whilst code is a textual description of an algorithm
A flowchart is textual but code is diagrammatic
they are the same thing

Which of the following is NOT one of the jobs of RAM?

Storing the operating system and software applications.
Storing data that is currently being used by the CPU.
Providing fast and temporary data storage for active tasks.
Storing permanent data even when the computer is powered off.

Which of these is NOT a good reason to use functions?

Reusability: Functions allow you to write a piece of code once and reuse it multiple times
Modularity: Functions help break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable pieces
Code duplication: Functions help eliminate redundancy by centralizing common code
Decreasing program efficiency: Functions can help improve code organization and readability.

What is the purpose of adding comments to your code?

To teach the computer new commands
to make your code more comprehensible to humans
To make your code run faster
There is no purpose to adding comments

It’s a good idea to use a for loop when you need to __________

repeat a step or series of steps a specific number of times
check whether a task is complete
teach the computer a new trick

Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?

In 2011, 91% of workplace fatalities happened to men.
Consumers spent $1.2 billion on smartphones last year.
The average median income of a 25 year old American male is $22,000 per annum.
Smoking increases your chance of dying of lung cancer by 37%.

Daily rainfall is an example of what sort of data

Discrete
Continuous
Binomial
Serializer

The number of times that a cyclist rides over 45 km each day is what sort of data?

Discrete data
Continuous data
Binomial data
Serializer

You are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. Your dependent variable would be the __________.

Interest
Heart rate
stress

In descriptive statistics our main objective is to ______________

Describe the population
Describe the data we collected
Infer something about the population
Compute an average

What is the purpose of an inferential statistical test?

To see if your results are accurate
To check the probability of your results applying to the wider population
To make sure you have not made a mistake in your data collection

A psychology student has conducted a statistical test on his data. The results show that the p-value is less than the critical alpha value. What should this student do?

Accept the null hypothesis and reject the experimental hypothesis
Reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental hypothesis
Re-write the hypothesis

Which of the following is a null hypothesis?

There will be a difference between the length of time taken to complete a test online and the time taken to complete a test on paper.
Tests completed online will be completed faster than tests completed on paper.
There will be no difference between the length of time taken to complete tests online and tests completed on paper, and if there is it is due to chance.

What is an appropriate graphical summary of the distribution of a categorical variable?

Bar graph
Boxplot
Scatterplot
Histogram

Identify the outlier for the given data? 23, 34, 27, 7, 30, 26, 28, 31, 34

23
7
150
None

The goal of optimization methods is to reduce the _________ or the ________ in the data.

Error, noise
error, integrals
error, line of best fit
line of best fit, error

It is better to use gradient descent when ____________.

there are lots of independent variables (hundreds)
we want to solve complex problems.
we want to be more computationally efficient
All of the above

The _______ theorem states that if you have a population with mean M and standard deviation SD and take sufficiently large random samples from the population, then the distribution of the sample means will be approximately normally distributed

Baye’s
law of large numbers
central limit
Pareto

The Least Squares Method is trying to minimize the sum of the squares of the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model, otherwise known as the residual.

True
False

If the dependent variable is a continuous variable but we want to test each subject twice, for example, before and after a particular treatment, we call this a ___________

paired sample
independent sample
continuous distribution
binomial sample

What does the SQL SELECT statement do?

Updates data in the database
Deletes data from the database
Retrieves data from the database
Creates a new table

How can you filter rows using the WHERE clause?

GROUP BY
ORDER BY
HAVING
WHERE

Which statement is used to group data in SQL?

ORDER BY
GROUP BY
SELECT BY
FILTER BY

What does the GROUP BY statement allow you to do?

Update records in a group
Delete groups
Perform calculations on groups
Sort data within groups

When using the SELECT statement to eliminate duplicate rows from the result, which keyword is used?

EXCLUDE DUPLICATES
DISTINCT
UNIQUE
REMOVE DUPLICATES

Which of the following functions can be used to count the number of non-NULL values in a column?

COUNT(*)
SUM()
AVG()
COUNT()

What does the CASE statement allow you to do in SQL?

Rename columns in the result
Filter rows based on conditions
Perform calculations on columns
Conditional transformations

In a SELECT query, how can you handle NULL values using the COALESCE function?

Replace NULL with a specified value
Remove NULL values
Convert NULL to 0
Rename NULL as 'N/A'

When using an INNER JOIN in SQL, which condition is used to join the tables?

WHERE
ON
AND
JOIN

How can you filter grouped data using the HAVING clause?

BEFORE
BETWEEN
AFTER
HAVING

Which SQL operator is used to filter data based on a list of values?

LIKE
NOT IN
BETWEEN
IN

When using the INNER JOIN clause, if a row in one table doesn’t have a matching row in the other table, what happens?

The JOIN operation fails and returns an error
The unmatched row is ignored
The unmatched row is included as NULL
The unmatched row is deleted

Which SQL keyword is used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements into a single result set?

COMBINE
JOIN
UNION
MERGE

What is the purpose of a Common Table Expression (CTE) in SQL?

To update records in a table
To create temporary tables
To simplify and organize complex queries
To delete rows

Which SQL join operator returns all rows from both tables and combines rows when there’s a match?

INNER JOIN
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
FULL OUTER JOIN

In an SQL query, which join type returns only the unmatched rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table?

INNER JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
LEFT JOIN
OUTER JOIN

What is the primary purpose of using regular expressions (regex) in programming?

To manipulate images and graphics
To work with databases
To pattern match and manipulate strings
To generate random numbers

In Python, which module provides support for working with regular expressions?

regex
re
pattern
match

What is a common method used in the re module to extract specific patterns from a string using regular expressions?

extract()
match()
search()
find()

How can you replace words matching a specific pattern with a new word using the re module in Python?

Using the replace() method
Using the sub() function
Using the modify() method
Using the change() function

Which of the following Python operators is used for exponentiation?

^
**
^^
//

What is the purpose of an if statement in Python?

To define a loop
To execute a block of code repeatedly
To make decisions based on conditions
To perform mathematical calculations

Which type of loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence of elements?

for loop
while loop
do-while loop
repeat loop

What is the purpose of a function in Python?

To store data
To create classes
To define exceptions
To encapsulate and reuse code

How can you define a global variable in Python?

By using the var keyword
By declaring it inside a function
By using the global keyword
By declaring it inside a loop

What happens to the scope of a local variable when a function finishes executing?

It becomes a global variable
It remains local, but can be accessed from outside the function
It is destroyed
It becomes an object

Which data structure in Python is ordered and mutable, allowing duplicates?

List
Tuple
Dictionary
Set

What is the primary difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Lists are mutable, while tuples are immutable
Lists are immutable, while tuples are mutable
Lists allow duplicate elements, while tuples do not
Lists and tuples are the same

In a dictionary, what are the elements consisting of a key-value pair called?

Keys
Values
Items
Entries

How can you add a new key-value pair to a dictionary in Python?

Using the append() method
Using the insert() method
Assigning a value to a new key directly
Using the add() method

What is the purpose of the len() function in Python when used with data structures like lists, tuples, and dictionaries?

To calculate the maximum value
To calculate the minimum value
To determine the data type
To count the number of elements

How can you iterate over the values of a dictionary using a loop in Python?

Using a while loop
Using a do-while loop
Using a for loop
Using a repeat loop

Which logical operator in Python is used to check if a value is not in a given sequence or collection?

and
or
not
in

What is the purpose of the break statement in a loop in Python?

To exit the program
To skip the current iteration of the loop
To jump to a different loop
To exit the loop and resume the next iteration

How can you remove an item from a list in Python using its value?

Using the remove() method
Using the delete() method
Using the pop() method
Using the discard() method

What is the primary difference between a list and a dictionary in terms of data storage?

Lists store key-value pairs, while dictionaries store ordered sequences
Lists are unordered, while dictionaries are ordered
Lists store elements in pairs, while dictionaries store individual values
Lists are indexed, while dictionaries are not

What Excel function is used to add a range of values?

SUM()
AVERAGE()
COUNT()
MAX()

How can you apply conditional formatting to highlight cells that meet a specific condition?

Using the "Sort" option
Using the "Filter" option
Using the "Conditional Formatting" menu
Using the "Data Validation" option

What type of Excel object is used to summarize and analyze data from a table?

Charts
Macros
Pivot Tables
Forms

What Excel function can be used to retrieve information from a different worksheet based on a key value?

LOOKUP()
SEARCH()
VLOOKUP()
HLOOKUP()

Which type of graph is suitable for displaying the distribution of a dataset, such as frequency of scores?

Line Chart
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Histogram

What is the purpose of data validation in Excel?

To restrict data entry to certain values or rules
To validate formulas
To analyze data trends
To generate random data

What Excel function is used to concatenate or combine text from different cells into a single cell?

COMBINE()
CONCATENATE()
MERGE()
CONVERT()

How can you create a basic line chart in Excel to show the trend of data over time?

By selecting the "3D Chart" option
By selecting the "Stacked Chart" option
By selecting the "Line Chart" option
By selecting the "Bar Chart" option

In Excel, what is the purpose of the “Freeze Panes” feature?

To lock the workbook from editing
To create a template for future use
To split the worksheet into sections
To keep certain rows or columns visible while scrolling

Which Excel function can be used to find the maximum value in a range of cells?

MAXIMUM()
MAX()
HIGHEST()
HIGH()

What is the primary purpose of the “Group” feature in Excel’s Data tab?

To encrypt data for security
To highlight specific cells
To combine cells with the same value
To organize and summarize data

How can you protect an Excel worksheet from unauthorized edits or changes?

By using a password when saving the workbook
By locking specific cells and protecting the worksheet
By creating a backup file
By restricting access to the computer

What is the purpose of using the VLOOKUP() function in Excel?

To format cells with custom colors
To calculate complex formulas
To perform data validation checks
To retrieve data from a table based on a key

How can you create a bar chart in Excel to compare values across different categories?

By selecting the "Line Chart" option
By selecting the "Bar Chart" option
By selecting the "Pie Chart" option
By selecting the "Stacked Chart" option

What type of data can be validated using the “Data Validation” feature in Excel?

Only numeric values
Only text values
Any type of data, including numeric, text, and dates
Only Boolean values

In Power BI Desktop, which section is used to design and customize visualizations in your report?

Model View
Data View
Visualization View
Query Editor

What is the primary purpose of Power Query in Power BI?

Data visualization
Creating dashboards
Data loading and transformation
Model creation

After creating a report in Power BI Desktop, how can you share it with others for viewing and interaction?

Export the report as a PDF or image
Publish it to Power BI Service
Print it
Attach it to an email

Which feature allows you to combine data from multiple sources, transform it, and load it into Power BI?

Data Concatenation
Data Linking
Data Merge
Power Query

In Power BI Service, what is the primary purpose of creating a dashboard?

To perform complex data analysis
To create visually appealing reports
To share insights and KPIs
To design data models

When you publish a Power BI report to Power BI Service, what term is used to describe the published version of the report?

Snapshot
Version
Iteration
Workspace

In Power Query, what transformation is used to remove duplicate rows from a dataset?

De-duplication
Duplicate Elimination
Remove Duplicates
Data Distinct

Which feature in Power Query allows you to analyze the quality and structure of your data to identify potential issues?

Data Investigator
Data Checker
Data Profiler
Data Scrutinizer

How can you create a new calculated column in Power Query based on existing columns and custom expressions?

Using the "Add Calculated Column" button
Editing the source data directly
Utilizing the "Calculate()" function
Using the "Add Column" menu and specifying a formula

What is the process of combining two or more datasets into a single dataset in Power Query called?

Unification
Concatenation
Merging
Blending

What function is commonly used to create a calculated table in DAX that filters data from an existing table based on a condition?

FILTER()
SELECTCOLUMNS()
SUMMARIZE()
ADDROWS()

How can you create a measure in DAX that calculates the sum of the “Sales” column in your dataset?

Using the CALCULATE() function with SUM()
Using the AGGREGATE() function
Using the COUNT() function
Using the TOTAL() function

What is the purpose of using variables in DAX expressions?

To create calculated columns
To store and manage intermediate values
To hide sensitive data
To improve DAX performance

How can you establish a relationship between two tables in Power BI to link their data?

By using the "Link Tables" function
By importing tables together
By creating a relationship in the "Manage Relationships" dialog
By adding foreign keys

What is the purpose of creating a date table like “CalendarAuto” in Power BI?

To display upcoming events
To provide a list of holidays
To facilitate date-based calculations
To sort dates in ascending order

How can you add descriptions to tables and columns in Power BI to provide more context for users?

By embedding notes in the report
By using comments in DAX
By using the "Table Properties" dialog
By using text boxes in visuals

What is the purpose of creating calculated columns in Power BI?

To summarize numerical data
To perform complex data transformations
To store custom calculations
To filter rows in a table

Which platform provides a web-based interface for running R and RStudio projects without local installation?

RCloud
RWeb
RStudio Cloud
RServer

How do you install an R package from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) in RStudio?

Using the command install.packages("package_name")
Running the script package_name.install
Downloading the package installer from a website
Dragging the package file to RStudio

To load a previously installed R package into your R session, which function is commonly used in R scripts?

load(package_name)
import(package_name)
attach(package_name)
library(package_name)

What is the first step to install RStudio on your local computer?

Download and install the R programming language
Download the RStudio installer
Create an RStudio account
Configure RStudio settings

What R function is commonly used to import rectangular data from external files like CSV or TSV?

rea
csv()
import_data()
load_data()

Which R package provides functions for reading and writing Excel files?

xlsx
excelio
readxl
spreadsheet

What function is used in R to establish a connection to a SQL database?

connect_db()
sql_connection()
db_connect()
open_sql_db()

In R, how can you write a data frame into an SQL table in a database?

Using the write_sql() function
Converting the data frame to a CSV and using SQL commands
Executing an INSERT statement for each row
Using the dbWriteTable() function

In R, what function from the tidyr package can be used to split a column containing combined values into separate columns?

split_columns()
separate()
split_vars()
unite_columns()

Which function from the dplyr package can be used to handle missing values by replacing them with specific values?

replace_na()
fill_na()
handle_na()
impute_na()

In the dplyr package, which function is used to select specific columns from a data frame?

filter()
arrange()
select()
mutate()

What function in the dplyr package is used to add new columns to a data frame based on existing columns?

transform()
add_vars()
append_columns()
mutate()

What is the primary goal of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDa. in data science?

To make final predictions and decisions based on the data
To visualize data only
To summarize data and draw insights
To create complex models

Which R package provides a suite of functions and tools for exploratory data analysis?

exploreR
EDAtools
dlookr
analyzR

The DataExplorer package in R offers functions to perform which type of tasks?

Basic statistical tests
Data manipulation and transformation
Machine learning modeling
Data visualization

What is a common visualization type used in EDA to display the distribution of a continuous variable?

Pie chart
Scatter plot
Bar chart
Radar chart

What does VBA stand for in the context of Excel?

Visual Basic Architecture
Very Basic Algorithms
Virtual Binary Analysis
Visual Basic for Applications

Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of Excel VBA Macros?

Automating repetitive tasks
Analyzing big data
Enhancing Excel's functionality
Customizing reports and dashboards

Where can you access the VBA Editor in Excel to write and edit VBA code?

File menu
Format menu
VBA tab
Developer tab

Which term is used to define a block of code in VBA that performs a specific task?

Section
Function
Loop
Procedure

What is the primary difference between a Sub and a Function in VBA?

Subs can be used in other programs, Functions cannot
Functions return a value, Subs do not
Subs are more efficient than Functions
Functions require input parameters

How would you call a Sub named “PrintMessage” in VBA?

PrintMessage()
Run PrintMessage
Call PrintMessage
PrintMessage()

What is the purpose of using comments in VBA code?

Make the code execute faster
Explain the purpose of the code
Generate error messages
Convert code to binary

What is the correct term for a named storage location in VBA where you can store and manipulate data?

Storage Unit
Container
Variable
Bin

Which VBA construct is used to repeat a block of code multiple times based on a specified condition?

Subroutine
Function
Loop
Module

What does OOP stand for in the context of programming?

Object-Oriented Programming
Order of Operations
Optimal Output Paradigm
Overhead Optimization Process

In VBA, how would you create a new workbook?

NewWorkbook()
CreateWorkbook()
Workbooks.Create()
New Workbook

How can you refer to a specific worksheet named “Sheet1” within a workbook using VBA?

Sheets(1)
Worksheet("Sheet1")
ThisWorkbook.Sheets("Sheet1")
ActiveSheet

What VBA construct is used to display a pop-up message box with a message and an OK button?

AlertBox
MessageBox
MsgBox
PopupMessage

How can you display a message box with the text “Hello, World!” and an “OK” button in VBA?

MsgBox("Hello, World!")
DisplayBox("Hello, World!")
MessageBox("Hello, World!")
Popup("Hello, World!")

What is the purpose of building forms in VBA?

Enhance the user interface
Optimize code execution
Reduce memory usage
Create backup copies

Who developed the concept of the Turing test for measuring machine intelligence?

John McCarthy
Alan Turing
Warren McCullough
Claude Shannon

What was the main idea behind the Dartmouth Summer research project on AI in 1956?

Developing expert systems
Creating neural networks
Solving chess problems
Exploring artificial intelligence

What is the significance of the back propagation algorithm in neural networks?

It models human memory systems
It enables pattern recognition
It allows for deep learning
It improves speech generation

What was the primary goal of the General Problem Solver program?

To imitate human problem-solving strategies
To solve arbitrary problems
To automate logic-based theorems
To prove theorems from Principia Mathematica

What approach was used by the General Problem Solver to achieve its goal?

Heuristic basis
Logic-based reasoning
Pattern recognition
Random selection of actions

How did the General Problem Solver break down problems?

By using pattern recognition
By defining a set of operators
By using advanced algorithms
By manual intervention

Why was the General Problem Solver limited in its application?

Due to its reliance on human input
Due to state explosions
Due to its inefficiency
Due to hardware limitations

What are the two types of knowledge used in building expert systems?

Factual and emotional knowledge
Logical and intuitive knowledge
Factual and heuristic knowledge
General and specialized knowledge

How does an expert system handle uncertainties in knowledge representation?

By using classical logic
By incorporating probabilities
By relying on emotional intelligence
By relying on intuitions

What is the primary disadvantage of expert systems mentioned in the text?

Lack of efficiency in processing knowledge
Difficulty in structuring knowledge
Inability to learn and adapt
Dependency on specialized hardware

What is the main factor that contributes to the adaptability and intelligence of human and animal brains?

Complex interconnections
Large cell bodies
Long axons
External stimuli

How does a biological neuron in the brain determine whether to “fire” or not?

By comparing dendrite lengths
By counting the number of connections
By measuring voltage thresholds
By interpreting synapse activity

What role do weighted connections play in artificial neural networks?

Transmitting signals from axons to dendrites
Regulating neuron size
Simulating human emotions
Creating memory storage

What does the term “learning” refer to in the context of artificial neural networks?

Adjusting the number of neurons in a network
Adapting to changing environments
Modifying the activation function
Changing the network architecture

What is the main goal of machine learning?

Storing facts by heart
Independently solving problems
Emulating human emotions
Duplicating human intelligence

Which example represents a process of generalization in machine learning?

Memorizing every possible solution
Training a machine to solve problems independently
Storing expert knowledge
Applying predefined algorithms

What is the primary purpose of using multi-layer neural networks in computer vision, especially for image recognition?

Simplify data input for analysis
Increase the number of features in an image
Enable human supervision
Abstract features for classification

What is a key advantage of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image processing?

Identifying individual pixels in images
Directly interpreting image features
Decreasing image resolution
Bundling information from neighboring pixels

Which technology significantly impacted computer vision and is known for its use in image recognition tasks?

Feature descriptors
Traditional machine learning algorithms
Deep learning networks
Image segmentation

What is the significance of the year 2011 in the context of deep learning?

Introduction of the first computer vision algorithm
Launch of the first AI framework
Birth year of deep learning
Founding of the first machine learning journal

Final Quiz: Core Modules + R + VBA + AI/ML

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